In 1328 his nephew, Philip VI (12931350; ruled 132850), took the throne as the first king from the Valois (pronounced val-WAH) family, a branch of the Capetians. To take on his duties as emperor Charles had to move to Aachen, Germany. Also the Christian nations of Europe had long been devoted to converting the rest of the world to Christianity. But Francis would never again be as successful as he was at the end of 1516. As a sign of his authority he had lilies, the Thus began the Burgundy dynasty. Although England was exhausted by the long conflict with France, the Tudor monarchs began a new dynasty after emerging victorious from the War of the Roses, a struggle between two families for the throne of England. The horrified Clement, who had been locked away in a tower for his own safety, quickly joined Henry in making peace with Charles. In The Angevins and the Argonese both continued to claim the right to rule Naples and Sicily. King Francis I became known as a Renaissance prince during his long reign. Vasco Nuez de Balboa (14751519) traveled across the Isthmus of Panama, and Juan Ponce de Len (14601521) searched for the mythical Fountain of Youth in Florida. The Latin grammar written for Saint Paul's by William Lily was the first text of classical Latin (the language used by ancient Romans). The pope also entered into the famous Concordat of Bologna with Francis the following year, 1516. The majority of Moriscos were farm laborers, though many worked in trades such as the silk and leather industries. Land occupied by churches, monasteries (houses for men called monks, who dedicated themselves to the religious life), and He was taught Latin and Greek by one of England's finest scholars, John Cheke (15141557). In August, sailing against strong winds, the Armada began moving up the English Channel toward Flanders. The policy of the French monarchy was to suppress Protestantism at home while supporting it abroad as a counterbalance to Habsburg power. In expedition after expedition, Portuguese ships inched their way down the African coast. Denied land routes to some of their most treasured goods, the Europeans had to find a route to Asia in the uncharted oceans. He explored the St. Lawrence Rivergateway to the Great Lakesbut his voyages never took him farther west than the site of modernday Montreal, Canada. The marriage contract stated that Ferdinand and Isabella would rule their own kingdoms and that Aragon and Castile were not to be merged. ceremony. He enjoyed delivering lectures on history and politics. The Elizabethan Book of Common Prayer was based on Cranmer's second version, but it was modified to allow individual worshipers Spain and France signed the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis in 1559. They made the European discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, Brazil, and Labrador. Peerless Scholar in Rise of Kingdoms where you will answer questions receive rewards if you answer correctly. After the Portuguese defeated the Spanish in a war over the throne in 1385, John established a political alliance with England under the Treaty of Windsor (1386) that has endured to the present day. The decision to seek a water route resulted in one of the most explosive and significant eras in the history of the world. Francis had grown up in the court of King Louis XII and was called the dauphin. The Italian Wars began in 1494, when Charles was asked by the Sforzas, the family that ruled the city-state of Milan, to join them and Swiss mercenaries in seizing Florence from the Medici family (see "Milan" in Chapter 2). The loss of the monasteries was felt in various ways. The Muslims lived across the Strait of Gibraltar from Portugal, at the port city of Ceuta. The revised Book of Common Prayer also ordered the destruction of stone altars associated with the Catholic Mass (worship service in which communion is taken). Initially reluctant to become involved, Elizabeth finally accepted the argument that England, as the chief Protestant power in Europe, had an obligation to aid Protestants elsewhere. From the beginning of all human society in Mesopotamia 4,000 years ago, to the end of the British Empire in the mid-20th century, kings and queens controlled the most powerful countries on the globe. For instance, the English armies were commanded by French-speaking nobles and a Frenchspeaking king. Medina-Sidonia had been ordered not to engage in battle with the English until he had made contact with Parma. Growing bolder in their quest for riches, these countries attacked Portuguese and Spanish treasure ships wherever they could find themin the Caribbean, along the Spanish-American coast, and in the English Channel. the Kingdom of Prussia was mostly in which modern country Germany. During her brief five-year reign, nearly three hundred people were burned at the stake. He neglected to reward several of his best lieutenants for their services, and as a result he lost their support. Increasingly, a nation's power and prestige had become dependent upon money and material wealth, and the best way to become a world power was to build a trade empire. Joan stood near Charles VII as he was crowned king at Rheims, France, in 1429. Former monastic possessions were managed by a new financial bureau, the Court of Augmentations. In 1553 she restored the Latin Mass and the following year she recognized the jurisdiction of the pope in England. execution of Louis XVI. In 1568, at the height of his Dutch troubles, Philip experienced several other misfortunes. Alba initiated an extremely repressive policy. She knew the Greek and Latin languages, and she occasionally embarrassed foreign diplomats when she understood comments they made in their own languages. Much like moder. Game Info. Francia. They did not share a collective identity or a common culture. The young boy learned the Spanish and Italian languages, and he spent his time reading mythology, history, and literature and admiring art. Modern scholars have altered this view, however, concluding that Renaissance ideas became dominant in the 1530s during the reign of Henry VII's brother, Henry VIII (14911547; ruled 150947). Real-time Battles: In this game, you can do the battles on a huge . The Italian Wars were continued with renewed vigor under King Francis I (14941547; ruled 151547), who became known as a Renaissance prince during his long reign. The German Empire consisted of 26 constituent territories, most ruled by royal families. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Henry finally had a male heir in 1537, when his third wife, Jane Seymour (c. 15091537), gave birth to their son Edward. The tide changed, however, when Philip formed an alliance with the French. But Essex botched the job miserably. Forced to fight for what he considered to be his hereditary rights (his mother was the princess of Portugal), he had sent Alba into Portugal with twenty-two thousand troops. King John IV (16041656; ruled 164056), founder of the Bragana dynasty, then took the Portuguese throne. battles, at Parma and Fuenterrabia, but they were soundly defeated at Ezquiros and Pamplona and driven out of Navarre. He returned about a year later with the news that he had discovered the Indies. Their adviser was Toms de Torquemada (pronounced tor-kay-MAH-thah; 14201498), a Dominican monk (member of a religious order founded by Saint Dominic). Previously, Henry had opposed Luther and was rewarded by the pope with the title "Defender of the Faith." Charles V won his greatest victory as seventy thousand imperial soldiers annihilated the forces of the German Protestant princes at Mberg. He sought aid from the army in Ireland and from King James VI of Scotland. The following year Charles retired to a monastery and Philip became king of Spain. 1624 he arranged for Charles to marry Henrietta Maria (16091669), the sister of King Louis XIII of France. Ferdinand and Isabella were able to centralize most of the government, although Aragon successfully resisted any changes that would increase royal authority. These lords were constantly fighting among themselves. Ferdinand became king of Aragon when his father, King John II (13971479; ruled 145879), died in 1479. Early in 1518 the eighteen-year-old Charles took the throne of Spain. Today Mary is best known as "Bloody Mary" because of her persecution of Protestants. Nevertheless, Henry managed to recruit many able sea captains to go on his venture. France (Franks) The territory which today forms France had its earliest periods of human habitation in various Early Cultures.The modern nation state emerged from what had been the Celtic territory known to the Romans as as Gaul or Gallia. In 1563 and 1565, Philip's troops managed to repel Turkish attacks on Oran, a port city in Algeria, and on the island of Malta, a Spanish stronghold in the Mediterranean near Sicily. Q: What color gemstones are engraved upon Crown El CId? 15281576). The pound rose as much as 0.9pc to well above $1. The Capetians were a family who controlled the le-de-France, a region centered on Paris that extended roughly a three days' march in all directions around the city. National sovereignty was restored by the revolution of 1640. A similar movement emerged in Andalusia. During the standoff, in 1569, King Philip II ordered all Moriscosincluding those who were not involved in the conflictout of Castile, Estremadura, and central Andalusia. The English also formed an alliance with France and, to seal the treaty, Henry's sister Mary became the wife of King Louis XII of France. The group Young Italy advocated for. Mary had widespread popular support, and she immediately began undoing the Reformation in two stages. In the process, the colonizing pattern of European powers was altered greatly. By the mid-1500s, between 350,000 and 400,000 Moriscos were living in the Spanish provinces. then had a falling-out because Louis XII also claimed a right to rule in Italybecause his grandmother, Valentina Visconti, was a daughter of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, duke of Milan. Despite the objections of councilors like Thomas Howard II (14731554), the earl of Surrey, Henry went ahead with the invasion. Moorish architects renewed cities with intricately decorated mosques, lush gardens, and paved streets. They spoke different languages belonged to different ethnic groups, were were no close ties binding them. when he began competing against Charles I, the young king of Spain. power of the great feudal lords. Louis the German's rise to power, however, was not a smooth one, because internal turmoil plagued the Carolingian empire in the 830s and early 840s. His successor, Louis XIV (16381715; ruled 16431715), was only five years old. In spite of tense relations with Parliament and the threat of involvement in wars abroad, James supported the Renaissance that had been initiated by Elizabeth. His excuse was that he was forced to sign the document at a time when he could not think clearly. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. When the Armada began moving up the English Channel in early August, the English main fleet took advantage of a favorable wind and made three assaults on the Spanish ships. At the top were kings, who owned the land. Many Spanish ships broke up on the west coast of Ireland, and only half of the Armada eventually returned to Spain. More than 80,000 people were deported. When it was released back in 2018, the numbers were good. Royal Family of Liechtenstein. For the next eight years Charles increased his power and expanded Habsburg territory. Rating: 4.3/5 Stars ( 66 reviews) Favourite Games Add to your games. An important revolution in English architecture was begun by Inigo Jones (15731652). In a dozen voyages from 1603 until 1633, Champlain discovered the easternmost Great Lakes, Huron and Ontario; founded the city of Quebec; and served as commandant of France's new colonial territories, which were called New France. Elizabeth was highly educated. They established a line of strong monarchs that lasted for eight hundred years and elevated France to the status of a major power. Ten years later, France declared bankruptcy (a lack of funds to pay bills). Henry the Navigtor believed the mission would be dangerous if undertaken by sea. Bettmann Archive/Getty Images. Assassinated in 1610 by a Catholic fanatic, Henry was followed by his young nine-year-old son Louis XIII (16011643; ruled 161043). This is where the country of France is today and the name for France comes from the Franks. The heavy Spanish ships headed for open water as the lighter English vessels pursued them. When Richard of York was killed in 1460, his son, Edward (14421483), continued the campaign against the Lancasters. By 1529, Francis had signed the Treaty of Cambrai, which repeated the humiliating terms of the earlier Treaty of Madrid. For six years, Francis remained in France, where he became an enthusiastic patron of the arts. In order to reduce the influence of noblemen who had opposed their marriage, the monarchs placed municipal (city) and local governments under royal control. Reigns were either dated from the day a ruler was elected king ( Philip of Swabia, Rudolf of Habsburg) or crowned king ( Otto IV, Henry VII, Louis IV, Charles IV). His troops annihilated Swiss mercenaries hired by Massimiliano Sforza (14931530), duke of Milan (see "Milan" in Chapter 2). You can also join with your friends to an alliance and thus have more strength of map control. Encyclopedia.com. limit their power. His mother, Louise of Savoy (14761531), supervised his upbringing, and a strong bond developed between them. Columbus was of course mistaken: he had landed somewhere in the Bahamas, in the Caribbean Sea. One by one the Spanish ships broke their cables and headed for open water. Although the secretary had seen slaughter and bloodshed during Irish wars with the English, he reported that he had seen nothing like the carnage that awaited him that autumn day. At the time Charles was preoccupied with campaigning for the position of emperor and with putting down the Comuneros revolt, so he dismissed Luther as an insignificant heretic. This move shocked and offended most Christians in Europe, even many of Francis's longtime supporters. put an end to the bloody French Revolution. He had not secured all of the anchors, so some ships drifted in the water and left an opening for a squadron of English fire ships to move in and set the Armada ablaze. The Carolingian Dynasty (751-887) was a family of Frankish nobles who ruled Francia and its successor kingdoms in Western and Central Europe during the Early Middle Ages. The light and quick English ships also had the advantage of being able to outmaneuver the bulky Spanish galleons. The reign of Queen Elizabeth I (15331603; ruled 15581603) is known as England's golden age. The dispute over whether France or Spain had the right to rule Naples and Sicily had been going on since the thirteenth century. Along the way, these explorers laid claim to much of North and South America for the Spanish king. As a result, many Jews fled from the region. During the Christian reconquest of Spain, the Roman Catholic Church launched the Crusades (10961291), a series of holy wars against "pagans." In 1356 French forces were defeated at Poitiers. Answers. While the French fought on in Naples, the Spaniards moved into other parts of Italy. Court masques (plays in which actors wear masks), some of them written by the dramatist Ben Jonson (15721637), were based on classical myths. The Genoan seafarer Christopher Columbus believed that the western route would actually be shorter. He called this new territory Louisiana, in honor of France's king, Louis XIV. Like Ferdinand, they also feared that he would be more interested in expanding Habsburg territory and becoming Holy Roman Emperor than in ruling Spain. Between 10,000 and 14,000 Frenchmen died, and many others were taken prisoner, including Francis himself. Once within range of the Armada, the English ships were able to fire their weapons at the Spanish vessels from a relatively safe distance. Reliable maps of the known world, which previously had been closely guarded as state secrets, were becoming available to seafarers. Charles received funding for both the trip and the bribe. Francia. 2. democratic rule. Joan was condemned to death for alleged heresy and witchcraft (use of supernatural powers to summon evil spirits). Ferdinand and Isabella also took over a municipal league known as the Santa Hermandad (Holy Brotherhood), which had provided mutual assistance and protection to its members for several centuries. Capitalism is considered one of the major contributions of the Renaissance. The Christians were trying to recapture the Holy Land (called Palestine at the time; the territory is now in parts of Israel, Jordan, and Egypt), which they considered sacred because it was the place where Jesus of Nazareth founded Christianity. A second statute, passed in 1540, legalized these closures and mandated the seizing of all remaining property. The king also established completely new policies that would appeal to Spanish pride. But the discovery of a legitimized the. End of the Merovingian dynasty. The feudal system had been used in France by the Normans from the time they first settled there in about 900AD. Prince Henry the Navigator (13941460), a son of John I, founded a nautical school at Sagres, where he gathered the world' best navigators, mapmakers, geographers, and astronomers. Almost from the beginning, things went wrong with the complicated Spanish plan. King John II of Portugal therefore decided to have his captains circumnavigate (sail around) the African continent and reach India by way of the ocean. Genoa fell to his naval forces, led by admiral Andrea Doria (14661560). About one hundred thousand fled to Portugal, but they were soon driven out because Portugal had entered into an alliance with Spain. The monarchs reorganized the Santa Hermandad into a national militia (citizens army) that was funded by towns. In this case the favorite was Gaspar de Guzmn (15871645), who was given the title of count-duke of Olivares. In the south, the Italian peninsula was turned into a battleground. In 1492, after conquering this last outpost of Moorish rule in western Europe, they annexed Granada to Castile. In walking less than five miles, he counted more than eleven hundred Spanish bodies. Francis corresponded with the Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus and sponsored a royal lecture series that supported promising scholars. Nevertheless, the monarchs were able to apply the same policies to both kingdoms. States occupied by the Holy Roman Empire also came under the rule of Spain and the Habsburgs. Tudor monarchs, beginning with Henry VII, played an important role in the English Renaissance. During this time Jews not only produced great works of philosophy, poetry, liturgy (texts for worship services), theology (philosophy of religion), and literature, but they also served as the vital intellectual link between the Muslim Middle East and Christian Europe. The Napoleonic Code of 1804 was MOST important in World History because it. This marriage did not allow England to be free of the war, though, since many English people believed it was necessary to aid Protestants on the European continent. This included four kingdoms, six grand duchies . Equipped with longbows and arrows that could pierce French armor, the English defeated the French cavalry. 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