While Hannah is identified as the preferred of Elkanahs two wives, the account repeats three times that she has no children, a major source of shame for women in biblical Israel.20 This characterization also identifies the accounts first dramatic tension: that between Elkanahs preferred but barren wife and her co-wife Peninnah, who had given Elkanah multiple sons and daughters. . In general, I agree with Alter: The story of Samuel, then, far from being a simple promotion of prophetic ideology, enormously complicates the notion of prophecy by concretely imagining what may become of the imperfect stuff of humanity when the mantle of prophecy is cast over it. Ancient Prophets, 230. Shes a mom! The paradigm serves as a frame of reference that allows us to examine each component in the context of the expectations aroused by its parallels in the other stories. Children who receive responsive care are able to develop the psychological quality of hope. Literary scholars generally recognize that biblical writers developed their characters in fundamentally different ways than most modern writers. David Pellauer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), xi. He was a faithful young servant who had God's favor. One night God spoke to Samuel while he was sleeping, and the boy mistook the Lord's voice for Eli's. This happened three times until the old priest realized God was speaking to Samuel. Samuel grew in wisdom and became a prophet. In stark contrast with modern English usage, which limits conjunctions to a bare minimum, biblical narrators seem to use them incessantly, especially waw. Indications are that they were a group of fanatical religious and national conservatives. As a child, Samuel, heard from God that he was going to be a prophet and judge in Israel. In that day I will perform against Eli all things which I have spoken concerning his house: when I begin, I will also make an end. Horn is used metaphorically in Hebrew poetry as a distinctive feature of humans and other animals, especially one that is enlarged because the Lord has blessed it. This verb connotes not just physical intimacy but also sexual relations between legitimate partners.37 In the Hebrew Bible, yada frequently connotes a special kind of covenant relationship, not just a familiar one, especially where the knowledge of God is concerned.38 Thus, the union that produces Samuel is doubly blessed: by the enduring bond between worthy and faithful partners and by the sacred vow between a devoted Hebrew woman and the Lord. The central thesis of this study is that the literary craftsmanship of this account focuses the readers attention on JHWHs abiding covenant with biblical Israel. Structuring Devices: Exposition. Key words and word pairs contain covenant connotations and implications, thereby coloring actions, personalities, relationships, and other narrative details in powerful and unmistakable ways. The biblical scene . This story is related to the account of Samuel as judge in chapters 7 and 12, and he is clearly presented as the last of the judges; it is indicated that the system of the judges was rejected by the Israelites not because of its failure but because of their worldliness. While admittedly ambiguous, the narrators introduction of the priest creates an interpretive gap as to Elis true character, which demands filling as the story unfolds. Often, though not always, these firsts reveal essential character traits and roles. The account gives no hint as to his identity and background, nor to his other qualities, roles, or missions. WebThe boy Samuel grew up in the service of the LORD. 5. The man of God begins his condemnation with the terse authoritative declaration, Thus saith the Lord. He then repeats verbatim every word of the divine message, including the repeated use of first person singular pronouns, as though he speaks precisely in the place of the Lord. And did I choose him out of all the tribes of Israel to be my priest, to offer upon mine altar, to burn incense, to wear an ephod before me? In their first encounter, Eli accuses Hannah of wanton drunkenness, which she respectfully denies with the plea, Count not thine handmaid for a daughter of Belial (1:16). . . 9. Structuring Devices: Play of Perspectives. Prior sections of the Samuel story are devoted to contents that are primarily narrative or primarily dialogue. The aim of this study is to assess, by means of a smartphone attached to a turntable, whether there is an alteration in the perception of verticality in children aged 7 to 10, with history of premature birth. WebAll the many events that surround his life and are recorded in Genesis, describe that phase of life when a person's attention is focused upon natural delights. (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1980), 4:70, hereafter TDOT. . 34. He publishes widely in the fields of Mormon studies and museum studies and frequently presents at scholarly and professional conferences. And Elkanah knew Hannah his wife, and the LORD remembered her. And she said, Let thy handmaid find grace in thy sight. The patriarchal focus of the introduction is really a Hebrew convention that gives the larger account of Samuel a measure of cultural legitimacy.18. The catalytic event of this narrativeHannahs vow and the Lords favorable responsebegins and ends with the verb zakhor, translated remember. He is credited with Structuring Devices: Play of Perspectives. This section of the story consists entirely of dialogue, in large measure because it is the storys dramatic fulcrum.60 While both messages condemn Eli in similar ways, they are not interchangeable. Collectively, the expressive elements of a text are called literary conventions, in part because they distinguish the writings of a given author, community, time period, or culture, and in part because they express the ways that groups of readers commonly interpret received texts. 1 Samuel 3:416; Genesis 22:1. Hence, references in this article to an author (singular) of the text are for heuristic, not documentary or analytical purposes. Zakhor carries strong connotations of spiritual identity and covenant commitment, not simply cognitive awareness.30 Thus, when Hannah pleads to the Lord, remember me, and the narrator acknowledges that the Lord indeed remembered her, the resulting blessing of a man child becomes not only the sign of a divine covenant with an individual Hebrew woman but also a source of spiritual development and deliverance for all Israel.31. See Alter, Art, 88113, for an insightful discussion of Leitwrter. And it shall come to pass, that every one that is left in thine house shall come and crouch to him for a piece of silver and a morsel of bread, and shall say, Put me, I pray thee, into one of the priests offices, that I may eat a piece of bread. There are also two different accounts of the rejection of Saul by Samuel. 45. We compared the results of the SVV test in two groups of children with ages ranging from 7 to 10 years. 26. This latitude is manifest in a myriad of editorial choices, such as selecting which contents to include or omit; ordering the contents into an account of some kind; linking details of the story in meaningful ways; coloring the account with particular words, phrases, modifiers, and qualifiers; and shaping its settings, characters, and events. The text never has him interact directly with any of Hannahs children, and he speaks with Hannah only when her devotional actions disrupt his traditional ritual routine. Sternberg, Poetics, 12952; and Alter, Art, 88113, provide insightful and detailed analyses of the strategies of repetition in the Hebrew Bible. WebSamuel was born about 1105BC and was the son of Elkanah and Hannah, from the tribe of Levi. The aim of this study is to assess, by means of a smartphone attached to a turntable, whether there is an alteration in the perception of verticality in children aged 7 to 10, with history of premature birth. 3:21), it begins in virtual obscurity, making its outcome all the more miraculous. Then they rose early in the morning and worshiped before the LORD, and returned and came to their house at Ramah. Steven L. Olsen received a bachelors from BYU and a masters degree and PhD from the University of Chicago. Risking an overly simplistic introduction of this convention, the present study recognizes two general perspectives in the Hebrew Bible, contrasted by scope. Flashbacks of the David had been shuffled off to his fathers fields to work as a shepherd boy. The first story (1 Samuel 13) describes Samuels action as motivated by Sauls assumption of the prerogatives of the priesthood. (2:2736; 3:1118). Samuel, Hebrew Shmuel, (flourished 11th century bc, Israel), religious hero in the history of Israel, represented in the Old Testament in every role of leadership open to a Jewish man of his dayseer, priest, judge, prophet, and military leader. But the same phrase also is used to announce prophecy, and vision is a prophetic term: the whole episode concerns the transition from priestly to prophetic authority.64 In short, Alter implies that the man of God acts as an oracle in relation to the priest, since the priest himself has lost the traditional gift of oracle through abuse and neglect. As a result, Elis extended family are cursed to beg for their sustenance in the future (2:1217, 36). Hannahs heartfelt vow begins with the plea to God, look on the affliction of thy handmaid. Although the priest marked her mouth as Hannahs lips moved, Eli does not hear her prayer and grossly misjudges her spiritual intent and therefore her character. Characterization: Husband and Wife. Scholars recognize that many scenes in the narrative portions of the Hebrew Bible were likely crafted in part to help readers infer connections with other exemplary biblical characters, settings, or events in order to enhance the significance of the related stories, called type scenes. 2. 69. 1 Samuel 28:3-7. The story is also at the root of the priestly role imposed on Samuel at a later date in 1 Chronicles 6; but this is an effort to explain in terms of the later priesthood the sacred functions performed by Samuel. 4. And he worshipped the Lord there. Alan Heimert, Religion and the American Mind: From the Great Awakening to the Revolution (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966), 11. They that were full have hired out themselves for bread; and they that were hungry ceased: so that the barren hath born seven; and she that hath many children is waxed feeble. and did I give unto the house of thy father all the offerings made by fire of the children of Israel? The present study illustrates the extent to which the authors, editors, and redactors of 1Samuel13 employed in a systematic and complementary manner a variety of literary conventions for a central ideological endshowing Gods commitment to preserve his ancient covenant with Israel, even at inopportune times and through obscure persons. On the other hand, Elkanahs worthy portion offering to Hannah seems to be a principal source of the dramatic tension between Hannah and Peninnah, discussed above, and between Elkanah and Hannah that is expressed in Elkanahs first direct speech, discussed below. While more than one priest could easily officiate at the temple, the fact that the story initially identifies Elis sons as priests of the Lord creates dramatic tensions that become central to the unfolding of the Samuel story. 3. The story of Samuels birth and calling concludes with a general reference to his continuing growth in the knowledge of God (see 3:7, 21). Also there was peace between Israel and the Amorites (1 Samuel 7:13-14). Samuels life serves as an example for believers today. Key principles include his obedience to God from the time he was a youth, his faith ( Hebrews 11:32) and his willingness to intercede for others ( Jeremiah 15:1 ). WebChildhood obesity increases the risk of developing metabolic syndrome later in life. 1 Samuel 30. Almost all knowledge of him is derived from the books of the Prophets and Writings: Samuel I and II, Kings I and Chronicles I. The same examination reveals that none of the material in its present form was contemporary with the events; if one source is taken as controlling, then the other materials lose all historical value. Strong, Exhaustive Concordance, 1228. Message. witnessed the birth of its most famous son. (1:919), Structuring Devices: Play of Perspectives. The next eleven verses define the storys dramatic focus: Hannah pleads in desperation for a son, and the Lord blesses her accordingly. Regarding the poetic qualities of Hannahs song, see McCarter, ISamuel, 6776. Samuel, the son of Elkanah (of Ephraim) and Hannah, was born in answer to the prayer of his previously childless mother. The present study emphasizes how the narrator crafts individual characters primarily in terms of their social roles in the story, in particular how they complement and contrast with other, related characters. . And I will raise me up a faithful priest, that shall do according to that which is in mine heart and in my mind: and I will build him a sure house; and he shall walk before mine anointed for ever. Rather than contrast, the two Hebrew verbs complement each other in meaning. And the man Elkanah, and all his house, went up to offer unto the Lord the yearly sacrifice, and his vow. Commenting on Elis deficiencies, McCarter, I Samuel, 100, observes, It is time for the apprentice to replace the master. 2024; 127 n.1; 199200nn; 342 n.14. The same verb also concludes the narrative, signaling the enduring covenant between Samuel and the Lord, on the one hand, and between Samuel and Gods covenant people, on the other: And all Israel from Dan even to Beer-sheba knew that Samuel was established to be a prophet of the Lord. WebThe significant part of his birth is that as described in the book, his mother Hannah was childless and was praying to God for a child. And he answered, Here am I. On Nov. 30, 1835, the small town of Florida, Mo. In the second story (chapter 15), Samuel is motivated by the failure of Saul to observe the ethic of the holy war. Gender: Female. As a result, identifying the literary conventions of a given text and imagining their interpretive significance enable readers to approximate the intent(s) of its author(s), especially if the conventions can be shown to combine with one another in order to fashion of the text a coherent and meaningful whole.8. Moreover, Polzin acknowledges the complementarity of all direct speeches in a particular story, regardless of the identity of the speaker. Diction. The story of the anointing, however, has no story of accession to complete it; instead, there is the account of Sauls victory over the Ammonites. Customary Behavior: Eating/Drinking and Fasting. The reiterated and, then, plays an important role in creating the rhythm of the story, in phonetically punctuating the forward driving movement of the prose. . Thus, faithfulness to God seems to be more central to the Bibles theological interpretation of history75 than the particular political or social forms of human societies. The key points relevant to the present study are that (1)type scenes are a common literary convention of the Hebrew and Christian Bibles, (2)1Samuel 13 shows abundant evidence of the likely intentional use of this convention, and (3)type scenes enhance considerably the spiritual significance of the Samuel account. Characterization: Husband and Wife. The pathways involved in the development of metabolic dysfunction across generations in the context of childhood From the present perspective, 1 Samuel 13 is an account of more than the birth of a remarkable prophet and the beginning of a radical transformation of Israels polity. 1. Samuel Gompers (January 27, 1850 December 13, 1924) was a key American labor union leader who founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and served as its president for nearly four decades, from 1886 to 1894, and from 1895 until his death in 1924. Brought to the Temple at Shiloh as a young child to serve God in I pray thee, hide it not from me: God do so to thee, and more also, if thou hide any thing from me of all the things he said unto thee. Insensitive as it may be, Elkanahs first direct speech shifts the discourse of the story from narrative to dialogue, in keeping with the biblical convention. The Nephites had become wicked and would not listen. Shes a mom! It is said of an eccentric schoolmaster in Germany, who lived about 300 I pray thee hide it not from me: God do so to thee, and more also, if thou hide any thing from me of all the things that he said unto thee. But Samuel ministered before the Lord, being a child, girded with a linen ephod. The few defining details of characterbehavior, actions, qualities, dialogue, and physical appearance that flesh out proleptic portraits,74 whether individually or in pairsreveal individuals varied relationships with one another and with God, as mediated by their sacred covenants. While the appearance of the man of God is motivated by the scathing accounts of gluttony and promiscuity that immediately precede it, the man of God himself shows up spontaneously and unannounced. Samuels principal role is to realize his divine destiny for all Israel (3:14:1a). A precise chronology of the writing and redacting of the Hebrew Bible is uncertain, and the account of Samuels birth and calling certainly took shape before the writing of the Christian Gospels. for I hear of your evil dealings by all this people. She is merely the barren co-wife of an obscure Ephraimite. The segment opens with a brief narrative of Samuels birth and the continuation of the annual devotional at Ramah, punctuated by Hannahs reflection on the childs naming, which is expressed as direct speech.39 The rest of the segment consists of dialogues between Hannah and Elkanah (1:2223) and between Hannah and Eli (1:2628), with a brief narrative bridge uniting the two scenes (1:2425). While widely appreciated by biblical scholars, a literary approach to the scriptures is not common among Latter-day Saints, who tend to prefer approaches that are more contextual than textual in nature. For one, A full gift of her son means not conveying him to the House of the Lord while he still requires his mother, lest he be a burden there; and perfect fulfillment [of her vow] implies not bringing him to the sanctuary so long as it is impossible to leave him there forever, lest she appear to be violating her vow.44 Therefore, the narrators insertion of the seemingly innocuous exchange between Samuels parents in verses2223. Elkanah has only two direct speeches in the entire story. And Samuel grew, and the Lord was with him, and did let none of his words fall to the ground. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 36. And Samuel arose and went to Eli, and said, Here am I; for thou didst call me. And there came a man of God unto Eli, and said unto him, Thus saith the Lord, Did I plainly appear unto the house of thy father, when they were in Egypt in Pharaohs house? He died, and his ghost was evoked by a necromancer, or sorceress, at the request of Saul; he then announced a third time the rejection of Saul (chapter 28). It is quite unlikely that either the powers of the king or the prerogatives of the priest were as closely defined as this in the early period. And he said, I called not; lie down again. God heard her prayer That Samuels divine calling and first prophecy follow the blanket condemnation of Eli by the man of God (2:2736) and the narrators strong indictment of Gods covenant people in those days (3:1) renders Samuels ascendance all the more essential, dramatic, and spiritually significant to the larger story of covenant Israel. And Samuel told him every whit, and hid nothing from him (3:1517). Birth City: London, England. Now Samuel did not yet know the Lord, neither was the word of the Lord revealed unto him. Give, 18390. Samuel is a miracle child. In the majority of offenses, cutting off means a cutting out which leads to banishment or excommunication from the cultic community and the covenant people. TDOT, 7:348. By contrast, Samuels direct reception of the word of God qualifies him as an authentic prophet unto all Israel. In the Hebrew Bible, the calling of a prophet by God is often an essential portion of his recorded ministry.65. (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 5:52829. My great indebtedness to these studies becomes very apparent in the following pages; however, I alone remain responsible for the perspective and conclusions of this study, including any errors or oversights. Suddenly, a priest Eli came to her doorstep Belial.. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Indeed, its authors4 meaningful intentions may be revealed more in the accounts rhetorical and poetic than in its documentary qualities. 7. It also serves the broader narrative as the renewal of an ancient and sacred covenant with God, with Samuel serving as its object and agent.71 Such a perspective allows readers to see 1 Samuel 13 as an integrated, focused, and crucial contribution to Gods perpetual effort to fulfill sacred promises and renew an enduring relationship with his covenant people. The first specific action in the Samuel story has Elkanah sharing with Hannah a worthy portion of the offering. Once additional characters enter the story, readers become aware of its first type scene: the barren wife. WebSamuel Slater (June 9, 1768 April 21, 1835) was an early English-American industrialist known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution", a phrase coined by Andrew Jackson, and the "Father of the American Factory System".In the United Kingdom, he was called "Slater the Traitor" and "Sam the Slate" because he brought British textile And she said, O my lord, as thy soul liveth, my lord, Iam the woman that stood by thee here, praying unto the Lord. Its content not only indicates the overthrow of the priestly authority of the house of Eli and the implicit move to a different sort of authority to be embodied by the prophet Samuel, but it also adumbrates the rather dour and dire role that Samuel will play as leader, in relation to both Israel and to Saul. Alter, Ancient Israel, 256 nn. Thus, as crafted, the exposition implies that while the story is of central significance to all Israel (see 1 Sam. Most commentators acknowledge that the account of the birth and calling of Samuel actually ends with the first sentence of the next chapter, And the word of Samuel came to all Israel (4:1a). And the Lord appeared again in Shiloh: for the Lord revealed himself to Samuel in Shiloh by the word of the Lord., Type Scene: Obedience to Gods Call. He has been president or board member of a variety of state, regional, and national professional service organizations. While the biblical account is silent regarding Elis reaction to the man of God, it is structured explicitly so that the priest must accept Samuels dire prophecy. And they went unto their own home. It is noteworthy that Gods first message to Samuel is a prophecy of doom. An earlier version of this article was presented to the Society of Biblical Literature, San Diego, Calif., November 2225, 2014. James Limburg, Psalms, Book of, in The Anchor Bible Dictionary, ed. This issue carries significant economic, psychological, and social costs for the families affected. am I not better to thee than ten sons? Rather than consoling his wife, this speech reveals Elkanahs emotional alienation from Hannahs soul-deep crisis. See Alter, Art, 6387. The always busy Keke Palmer has added a new title to her long list of credits, and this one is much more important than all the others. 68. The Hebrew Bible exemplifies many different types of parallelismtoo numerous and complex to summarize here. 27. The related curses, gada and karath, both translated as cut off, signal the Lords severing his long-standing covenant with Elis lineage (2:31, 33).70. and why eatest thou not? See McCarter, ISamuel, 72 n.5; see also Alter, Moses, 269 n.27; 307 n.5. On cue the next morning, Eli repeatedly demands that his protg share the details of his encounter with God. And she was in bitterness of soul, and prayed unto the Lord, and wept sore. If so, why is he not introduced as such at the outset and why does he play such a passive role in the services at Shiloh? And Samuel feared to shew Eli the vision. 24. In Poland, birth counts were steady or increasing in the first years of this century, but declined steadily after 2016. Wherefore it came to pass, when the time was come about after Hannah had conceived, that she bare a son, and called his name Samuel, saying, Because I have asked him of the Lord. The word of God is often a technical term referring to oracular message. The barren hath born seven and she that hath many children is waxed feeble (2:5) alludes to the contrast between Hannah, who miraculously bore Samuel and several other children, and her perpetual provocateur Peninnah, who had children but whose lineage is worthy of no further mention in the Hebrew Bible.49. A particular story, regardless of the rejection of Saul by Samuel developing metabolic syndrome later in life Lord unto... 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