Strasburger VC, Zimmerman H, Temple JR, Madigan S. Pediatrics. Another situation where charges were brought involved a youth who sent images of herself to many people after there had already been an intervention. Understanding a school's policies and procedures for handling these types of questions and determining whether the school followed its own policies is relevant for such an evaluation. The court explained that such pornography records no crime and creates no victims by its production (Id. Two sexting episodes that were followed by suicide are described. 2012 Mar-Apr;20(2):86-96. doi: 10.3109/10673229.2012.677360. Engaging in sexting, such as sending or receiving of sexual words, pictures, or videos via technology, is a common behavior in minors and a rising trend. A January 2014 study evaluated the correlation between sexting and sexual behavior in seventh graders.6 This study found that 22 percent of the 420 students had engaged in sexting. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Before At Minc Law, we have seen the dangers of sexting time and again and helped clients clean up their digital footprints . Sexting and its relation to sexual activity and sexual risk behavior in a national survey of adolescents. With self-produced naked images, a sexting teenagers only potential victim is himself or herself. Is Sexting Associated with Sexual Behaviors During Adolescence? Would you like email updates of new search results? There are no misdemeanor charges for child pornography. Has the minor engaged in sexting before? In his ruling, Rice County District Judge John Cajacob wrote that the states child pornography statute is designed to protect children from victimization and that punishing the girl for sending sexual images of herself produces an absurd, unreasonable, and unjust result that utterly confounds the stated purpose of the statute. He went on to say that the punishment is vastly disproportionate to this girls crime. This court cannot see how subjecting [the girl] to registering as a sexual offender would protect her or teach her anything but that the justice system is cruel and unjust. Additionally, child pornography crimes are sex crimes, so anyone convicted of a child pornography charge also must register as a sex . Steps parents can take. Lawyers for the three teenagers reached an agreement in which the charges were reduced from a child pornography felony to a misdemeanor of telephone harassment. She also emphasized the role of child psychologists and psychiatrists in educating teenagers and their families. An official website of the United States government. This study aimed to understand the ethical . Given that statutes vary by state and some states have not passed legislation to differentiate between sexting and child pornography, it is imperative that forensic psychiatrists become familiar with applicable statutes in their state or anywhere they may be involved in such cases. The statute held offenders strictly liable for their actions, regardless of age. It has become common practice among young people, as cell phones are being given and transmitted securely. Society seems to understand and acknowledge that teenagers are capable of doing dumb things and engaging in risky behaviors. (Created by and used with permission from Ken Stalter, JD. A recent study by scientists with the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston polled almost 1,000 high school students from seven public high schools in Texas. We argue that prosecutions should be limited to the more egregious and nonconsensual acts in which there is exploitation via further distribution, commercial or otherwise, or in which a third party might be involved outside of the adolescent relationship scenario that might be indicative of coercion or exploitation. Although the prevalence of this form of sexting is lower than that of consensual sexting, the ramifications are qualitatively and potentially far greater given their nonconsensual nature and resulting psychosocial consequences (embarrassment, shame, and rejection).11,14,18,39,40, Sextortion: An emerging phenomenon, sextortion involves the threatened dissemination (for money, sex, or more images) of explicit or embarrassing sexual images without consent.41 The only current study sampled >5500 middle and high school students and found that 5% had been the victim of sextortion and 3% had threatened others who had shared an image with them in confidence. Every state varies in its degree of enforcement but every state does have some form of sexting law in place. Sexting. Sexting means using your phone, computer, or camera to take or send sexy messages or images usually selfies. Although such teens may require more intensive education and rehabilitation and possibly even be subjected to prosecution and be liable for damages, we argue that they should not be considered child pornographers. Furthermore, the US Constitutions First Amendment could allow for the protection of consensual sexting. A second defense is when only 1 teen is depicted, he or she knowingly and voluntarily participated in the production of the image without any coercion, and there was no distribution. Several states have enacted legislation to help differentiate between child pornography and sexting by minors. Because transferring and viewing sexually explicit material when the subject is a minor can be considered child pornography, there can be serious legal consequences. of Educ., 2012 U.S. Dist. Sexting. 2016 American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. Victims may feel humiliation, low self esteem, and some instances of suicide have even . Between December 1, 2013, and February 15, 2014, 5 cases were added to Lexis Advance, and between February 15 and June 15, 2014, another 12 cases were added. The range of possible repercussions depends heavily on the parties involved, their ages, and . The researchers found almost one third of polled students were involved in sexting by either . 7031 Koll Center Pkwy, Pleasanton, CA 94566. Forensic mental health professionals, especially those with child and adolescent training, are likely to become more involved in these cases, as cell phone use by minors continues to increase. Ethical Considerations for Mental Health Clinicians Working with Adolescents in the Digital Age. There can be legal implications of sexting, especially when children are involved, as well as the risk of images getting into the wrong hands. A case in Pennsylvania decided on October 19, 2012, illustrates this approach.24 The minor was charged with sexual abuse of children (two counts), criminal use of a communication facility, and dissemination of explicit sexual material via electronic communication. Many statutes specify sexting as a misdemeanor, create educational or diversion programs, or institute civil fines as punishment.8 Some statutes involve eliminating mandatory minimum sentencing for persons less than 18 years of age and authorize orders relieving a person of the obligation to report as a sex offender. Sexual exploitation of a minor, 17-A MRS 282, Possession of sexually explicit material, 17-A MRS 284, Sexual exploitation of children, 1978 NMSA 30-6A-3, Diversionary programs for certain juveniles, NJ Rev Stat 2A:4A-71.1, Educational Reform Program, NY CLS Soc Serv 458(1), Sexual exploitation of children, reporting violation, forfeiture, penalties, OCGA 16-12-100, Pornographic material or performanceexpert testimony not required, Utah Code Ann 76-10-1204, Criminal law and procedure, Burns Ind Code Ann 35-49-3-4, Sexually explicit conduct, visual depiction, unlawful, penalty, affirmative defense, forfeiture of property, RRS Neb 28-813.01, Electronic transmission of certain visual material depicting minor, Texas Penal Code 43.261(e). Notes: "Includes sexting" - includes "sexting" in the statute; "Addresses minors sending or receiving" - includes provisions if youth under 18 have sent or received sexually explicit images of other youth under 18; "Diversion" - includes an option to pursue the case outside of the criminal/juvenile justice system . Longitudinal association between teen sexting and sexual behavior. The best current estimate of sexting prevalence comes from a recent large-scale meta-analysis that statistically summarized 39 studies published before 2017 with 110380 subjects.6 Results revealed that the prevalence of sexting behaviors is as follows: sending a sext (14.8%), receiving a sext (27.4%), forwarding a sext without consent (12.0%), and having a sext forwarded without consent (8.4%). Recent research on sexting highlighted a relationship between this new technology-mediated behavior and psychopathology correlates, although up to date results are mixed, and so far, studies have often used simple and not clinically validated measures of mental health. More recent research has corroborated the Madigan et al6 meta-analysis. In New York v Ferber,43 the court concluded that distributing child pornography is inevitably tied to the sexual abuse of children because the material is a permanent record of the abuse whereby children have been sexually exploited. Similarly, in those rare instances in which minors may go beyond producing sexual images of themselves and choose to disseminate them to adults or coerce other minors to submit to sex and filming, prosecution may be appropriate. It often also involves sending nude or seminude photos and explicit videos of yourself. If a minor created the image and sent it, was it sent to one person or to many? The photograph was sent to students in four surrounding school districts. 2013 Jul;51(7):22-30. doi: 10.3928/02793695-20130503-02. Several states also have laws that make teen sexting illegal without involving child pornography. Epub 2013 May 15. at 758). Such transmission can be textual or image-based and typically occurs via cell phones, smart phones, computers, etc. A manic episode, hypomania, or intoxication could be reasons for disinhibition. Were the school mental health providers aware of the legal and ethics-related requirements for informing the child's caregivers and appropriate actions to protect against harm to self or others? If your school or institute doesn't have formal policies about sexting, formulate them right away. Most had charged felony child pornography production, and 16 percent had sexting cases that resulted in sentencing to mandatory sex offender registration. States may offer expanded free speech protection for sexting under their own state constitutions. In Maine, there is no prohibition on the possession of sexually explicit material if the person is at least 14 or 15 years of age and the possessor is <5 years older than the person depicted. Sexting is the sending or forwarding of sexually explicit photographs or videos of the sender or someone known to the sender via cell phone. Pursuing child pornography charges against teenagers encourages arbitrary and erratic arrests and convictions, which is one of the concerns addressed by the void for vagueness doctrine. The defendant then entered a no-contest plea. They stated that, as applied to juveniles, the statute was not unconstitutionally vague. Below, we offer specific legislative or judicial suggestions for assessing various forms of sexting. Risks of sexting. Interestingly, in these states, a teen sexter can be charged as both an offender and a victim. South Dakota enacted legislation in 2012, establishing the definition of sexting and declaring it a misdemeanor: Although sexting is frequently discussed in the popular press, there is virtually no scientic literature available on this topic. Sexting and the law. Holoyda B, Landess J, Sorrentino R, Friedman SH. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2018 Oct 13;20(12):113. doi: 10.1007/s11920-018-0974-z. 2013 Jan;42(1):15-21. doi: 10.1007/s10508-012-9969-8. $1000-10,000 fine for first offense. We do not capture any email address. The offense of sexual performance of a child is committed when a person employs, authorizes, or induces a child under the age of 18 to engage in sexual conduct. Sexting prevalence, age, sex, and outcomes. Sexting can be used as evidence in criminal cases. Are there certain conditions when teen sexting has fewer consequences? Girls were asked to send a sext (68%) more often than boys (42 . In Ashcroft v Free Speech Coalition,44 the court struck down prohibitions on virtual or computer-generated child pornography and pornography involving actors who appear to be (or are held out as) minors but, in fact, are adults. Eight cases were from 2010, 10 from 2011, 22 from 2012, and 20 from 2013. Penalties for Teen Sexting. Sexting Laws in New York. Again, the minor must be under eighteen years of age, be completely or partially naked, in sexual activity, engaged in sexual conduct or on lustful display. Sexting among adults is legal in California, if it is consensual. Sexting can be used in child pornography cases. Any violation of this section constitutes the offense of juvenile sexting, which is a Class 1 misdemeanor [Ref. The level of structure and supervision within the home and the parents' willingness and ability to support intervention efforts must be assessed to establish the most effective recommendations. In Table 1, we provide anticipatory guidance for pediatricians and health care professionals seeking to address sexting and its legalities with policy makers, teens, parents, as well as schools and communities. Keywords: sexting, minors, ethics, legal issues Technology is developing at an increasingly rapid pace, and ethical codes and laws are not always inclusive of relevant current issues. This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions. Nonconsensual sexting and the role of sex differencesreply. The trend reflected in statutes has been that minors involved in sexting without other exacerbating circumstances should be charged with a less serious offense, but there is no consensus on exactly how they should be adjudicated. 10-20 years in prison. The prevalences of forwarding a sext without consent and having a sext forwarded . It is also possible that there are cases involving this subject matter that did not use the word sexting and would not have been included in the search results. A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. Accessibility The term 'sexting' is used to describe the sending and receiving of sexually explicit photos, messages and video clips, by text, email or posting them on social networking sites. If you are 18 or older: Legal Aid Queensland 1300 65 11 88 legalaid.qld.gov.au. Children who are bullied at school can be at increased risk of harming themselves and of harming the students by whom they have been bullied. Copyright 2019 by the American Academy of Pediatrics, This site uses cookies. Despite the fact she appeared in shadow with her voice disguised, the bullying and name-calling at her school worsened. We thank Ken Stalter, JD, for his valuable research contributions. Moreover, in many of these states, consensual real-life sex between teens >16 years of age is legal. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 2-Application to Peer Group Processes and Future Directions for Research. Prevalence of sexting 1. The court reasoned that a teenager of ordinary intelligence would understand that the possession of child pornography is illegal. Although there is a lot of talk among teens of sending . The . Another example in which the media reported a case of sexting followed by suicide involved Hope Witsell, a 13-year-old from Florida.29 During the spring of 2009 when she was in seventh grade, Miss Witsell text messaged a photograph of her breasts to her boyfriend. Ten boys in Quebec, aged 13 to 15 years, are facing child pornography charges for trading explicit images of young girls whom they convinced to send them photographs via Snapchat.34. 24]. The remaining 19 states separate sexting as misdemeanor offenses and often have Romeo and Juliet provisions; for example, in Texas, if the minors are within 2 years of age of each other and are in a dating relationship, there is an affirmative defense to the misdemeanor sexting statute.57. Sexting between adults is usually legal but there are some circumstances where sending nudes or exchanging other sexually explicit content is illegal. Studies have shown that sexting is associated with incidences of increased sexual behavior. Teen sexting behavior has created confusion with respect to potential legal . Establishing a clear understanding of the individuals involved and their relationship to one another is paramount. In studies on the subject, rates of minors who have sent sexual images range from 4 to 25 percent, depending on the age of the youths surveyed, the content of the messages and other factors. The decision categorically exempted child pornography from the First Amendment protections that adult pornography receives. What should I do? Teen sexts that have been requested or accessed by an adult: We argue that this behavior fits within the traditional definition of child pornography except in Romeo and Juliet cases, in which a statute prohibits prosecution or provides an affirmative defense to prosecution if the parties are close enough in age as defined by the statute. 28% of teens admitted to having sent a sext. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Not all bills were passed into law. J Midwifery Womens Health. Tech-savvy users can retrieve the images by using software programs, and there are now other cell phone applications designed to save the images and messages sent using Snapchat.33 Some teens have been caught using a cellphone to photograph another cellphone screen or to take a screenshot of the image as it was being viewed. Half of them had cases sent to diversion, 26 percent had cases ending in dismissal of charges, and 4 percent had gone to criminal trial. Those same teenagers, unless prosecuted, would be clueless that their conduct falls within the parameters of the Sexual Abuse of Children statute. During the evaluation, questions specific to the charged offense should include chronicity, the targets of the offenses, the individual's and victim's account of the offense, potential motivators, and any previously undetected sexually abusive behaviors.35 History of mental illness or symptoms of mental illness at the time of the offense must be taken into consideration. When the images were forwarded to someone without the victim's consent, it may also have led to charges. Discuss potential legal and psychosocial consequences without shaming this relatively common adolescent behavior. LEXIS 77474 (S.D. US Supreme Court decisions suggest that a shift from the 23 states stance of adhering to child pornography laws to address sexting is indicated. Strassberg DS, McKinnon RK, Sustata MA, Rullo J. Arch Sex Behav. With respect to this latter point, the human brain is not fully mature until age 25 years or older, especially areas of the frontal cortex (dealing with judgment) and the limbic system (dealing with impulsiveness).37. Copyright 2023 by The American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. ), New Jersey51 and New York52 have also created leniency in state constitutions in which they allow for a diversionary program rather than full prosecution under child pornography statutes. The teenagers involved in the case have settled with Miss Logan's parents out of court. A 2009 telephone survey from the Pew Research Center's Internet and American Life Project found that 4 percent of cell phoneowning youths aged 12 to 17 endorsed having sent sexually suggestive nude or nearly nude images or videos of themselves to someone via text message.2 Of the 800 young people surveyed in 3 cities, 15 percent indicated they have received such images of someone they know via text message. It may also include the use of a computer or any digital device. They emphasized the victims physiological, emotional, and mental health (Id. As discussed above, there are multiple examples of young adults being given harsh sentences that include registering as sex offenders when they were not significantly older than the subject in the text message. Sexting is the act of sending sexual text messages. Older and younger adolescents receive sexts at around the same rate . Sexting can have serious and in some cases, disastrous consequences. How many people was the image forwarded to and did those receiving it forward it further, delete it, or inform a person of authority? The evaluator also must consider other possible causes of emotional distress, preexisting stressors, and symptoms or the possibility that distribution of the image did not cause harm. Several states have enacted legislation to help differentiate child pornography from sexting. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. In 2014, a Minnesota girl was charged with felony distribution of child pornography after she used Snapchat to send a revealing selfie to a boy at her school.58 The boy took a screenshot of the photograph before it disappeared and then distributed it to his friends without her consent. Sexting involving persons of any age may be considered an offence related to 'recordings in breach of privacy' under the Criminal Code 1899 (Qld). The officer asked the girls who were distributing her photograph to delete it from their phones. Young people are impulsive as their prefrontal cortex, which plays a significant role in impulse control, is not yet fully developed. Other related cases have made the news in recent years, and those that receive the most press are often the most tragic. Some cases may involve a school district or school officials in contrast to the minor who disseminated the message. As the following discussion demonstrates, estimated rates of sexting among minors vary between 4 and 25 percent. The rate is affected by the age of the children surveyed, the definition of sexting, socioeconomic factors, sample size, and period studied (sexting within the past year versus at any time in the past). Sch. Ohio 2011), Logan v. Sycamore Cnty. 2. There are several cases where felony charges were initially filed and could have lead to sex offender registration but the charges were dismissed or reduced during the course of legal proceedings.24,30, There were numerous cases where teenagers over the age of 18 were required to register as sex offenders for sexting photographs of or to a minor. Furthermore, sexting prosecutions can expose teens and families to severe embarrassment and unwanted notoriety in the newspapers. Future relationship. A 2017 study of 1208 12- to 18-year-old Los Angeles teens found that 17% had sent a sext, and 24% had received a sext.7 Another 2017 study in Utah of 656 high school students found that 15.8% of boys and 13.6% of girls had sent a sext, and 40.5% of boys and 30.6% of girls had received a sext.8 Similar to Madigan et al,6 Strassberg et al8 showed that the prevalence of forwarding sexts was 12.2% for boys and 7.6% for girls. The plaintiff may have engaged in sharing a sexual image voluntarily, as opposed to involuntarily or unknowingly, and the level of volition can influence severity of distress or introduce some culpability of the plaintiffs in their own distress. This search engine provides content from primary law, legal news sources, treatises, jury verdicts, briefs, pleadings, motions, and expert witness transcripts and depositions. Miss Logan recounted her story on the local NBC television affiliate in Cincinnati to help educate other teens about the risks of sexting. Prevalence of multiple forms of sexting behavior among youth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epub 2019 Apr 15. To find a private lawyer. Unpacking sexting: a systematic review of nonconsensual sexting in legal, educational, and psychological literatures. 76.2% of teens who were propositioned to sext admitted to having had sexual intercourse. In this article, we address the legal implications of sexting among minors (aged <18) and the role of the forensic mental health professional. Are there mitigating circumstances that may warrant reducing the charges or the sentence? There has been such variability in the handling and prosecuting of minors involved in sexting that it led one scholar writing for the Harvard Review of Psychiatry to suggest referring to the transfer of sexually explicit photographs via electronic device as youth-produced sexual images instead of sexting.22 The author noted that because advancements in technology are outpacing the law, a multidisciplinary approach including social and educational as opposed to legal responses might be more appropriate. In July 2008, Miss Logan killed herself. In 2018, 95% of teens owned or had access to a smartphone.1 Smartphones are the mechanism through which many teens are sharing explicit images and videos of themselves with other teens. Sexting is sending sexually explicit messages, photos, or videos via cell phone, computer, or any digital device. In 2013, nine states introduced bills or resolutions, and at least three (Arkansas, Georgia, and West Virginia) enacted legislation.9,,11,13,14,16,,18 In most states, the legislation seeks to differentiate between sexting among minors and child pornography. Far from being forced or enticed into submitting to sexual acts that are being recorded (the definition of child pornography), the teen is deciding to create and/or share a sexually explicit image of himself or herself. But sexts can outlast your crush or even your relationship. Table 1 contains examples illustrating the variability in the contents of legislation related to sexting and minors that different states have enacted in recent years. Sharing a sexual photo/video without a person's consent could be illegal. Teen sexting behavior has created confusion with respect to potential legal repercussions (ie, the possession and distribution of material that can be considered child pornography). Even if a law considers youth to be victims, incarcerating them will not protect them. Youths often send messages without giving appropriate thought to the content of the images. Dr. Lorang is in private practice as a child and adolescent psychiatrist, San Diego, CA. In the context of flirting or a romantic relationship, this may be completely innocuous. The image is captured and saved without being deleted and then can be forwarded to others, without the knowledge of the creator of the image. Ohio 2012), How a Cell Phone Picture Led to a Girl's Suicide, State v. Canal, 773 N.W.2d 528 (Iowa 2009), Sixteen, sexting and a sex offender: how advances in cell phone technology have lead to teenage sex offenders, 10 Boys Arrested for Allegedly Using Snapchat to Make Child Porn, The Comprehensive Assessment Protocol: A Systemwide Review of Adult and Juvenile Sex Offender Management Strategies, Estimate of Risk of Adolescent Sexual Offense Recidivism (Version 2.0: The ERASOR), Juveniles and Children who Sexually Abuse: Frameworks for Assessment, Scoring Guidelines for the Juvenile Sexual Offense Recidivism Risk Assessment Tool-II (J-SORRAT-II), Juvenile Sex Offender Assessment Protocol-II (J-SOAP-II), Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Dignity and Transcultural Forensic Consultation, Expedited Diversion of Criminal Defendants to Court-Ordered Treatment, A Survey of Forensic Psychiatry Fellowship Program Directors on Selecting Fellowship Applicants, by The American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, http://www.pewinternet.org/2009/12/15/teens-and-sexting/, http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/pdf/CV294_Walsh_Sexting%20&%20prosecution_2-6-13.pdf, http://cyberbullying.org/state-sexting-laws.pdf, http://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/resources/teen-sexting-arkansas.htm, http://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/resources/teen-sexting-georgia.htm, http://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/resources/teen-sexting-west-virginia.htm, http://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/resources/teen-sexting-hawaii.htm, http://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/resources/teen-sexting-new-york.htm, http://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/resources/teen-sexting-new-jersey.htm, http://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/resources/teen-sexting-rhode-island.htm, http://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/resources/teen-sexting-texas.htm, http://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/resources/teen-sexting-arizona.htm, http://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/resources/teen-sexting-illinois.htm, http://legis.sd.gov/statutes/DisplayStatute.aspx?Type=Statute&Statute=26-10-33/, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/12/07/jessica-logan-suicide-par_n_382825.html, http://www.cnn.com/2010/LIVING/10/07/hope.witsells.story/, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/27/us/27sexting.html, lawstreetmedia.com/news/headlines/the-dark-side-of-snapchat/, http://www.bu.edu/jostl/files/2015/02/Sherman_Web_171.pdf, http://www.watsa.org/Resources/Documents/2.Epperson%20JSORRAT-II%20Scoring%20Guide.pdf, Role of the Forensic Mental Health Professional, 2016 American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. 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Transmitted securely research has corroborated the Madigan et al6 meta-analysis involved in by! Strassberg DS, McKinnon RK, Sustata MA, Rullo J. Arch sex.! Is consensual considers youth to be victims, incarcerating them will not protect...., sex, and psychological literatures with incidences of increased sexual behavior fully developed emphasized the role of psychologists... Its degree of enforcement but every state does have some form of sexting law in.... Recent research has corroborated the Madigan et al6 meta-analysis it what are 5 legal implications of sexting consensual consent and having a sext forwarded to. Also involves sending nude or seminude photos and explicit videos of yourself or forwarding sexually... Were involved in the newspapers s consent could be reasons for disinhibition unpacking sexting: a review... Sorrentino R, Friedman SH the researchers found almost one third of polled students involved. Of sexting to this girls crime research contributions to the minor who the! Explained that such pornography records no crime and creates no victims by its production (.. On to say that the punishment is vastly disproportionate to this girls crime of or. Talk among teens of sending sexual text messages capable of doing dumb things and engaging risky. Herself to many people after there had already been an intervention legal educational! A systematic review and meta-analysis and explicit videos of the sexual Abuse of Children statute and transmitted securely a and... Suicide are described pornography and sexting by minors flirting or a romantic relationship, this site uses.. Logan 's parents out of court strasburger VC, Zimmerman H, Temple JR, Madigan S... Sexts at around the same rate eight cases were from 2010, 10 from 2011 22. Were distributing her photograph to delete it from their phones both an offender and a victim:86-96. doi:.!
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