In this part of the country, this indigenous group of people is best known for their skills in boat building, mat weaving, and pearl diving. The Singkil Wikipedia page notes: The Singkl originated from the Maranao people who inhabit the shores of . It was his dedication in the early 80's that created the cultural awareness in the Fil-Am community of San Franccisco that sparked a cultural movement. Kulintang Kultura - Kulintang Kultura: Danongan Kalanduyan & Gong Music of the Philippine - Amazon.com Music Kulintang (Indonesian: kolintang,[13] Malay: kulintangan[14]) [19] Not only do the players play, but audience members are also expected to participate. The strict rules that normally govern play are often ignored and the performers are usually between people well acquainted with one another, usually close family members. is a modern term for an ancient instrumental form of music composed on a row of small, horizontally laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums. [22] Genres classified under this style have moderate tempos, are rhythmically-oriented, balanced, and lack many improvisations. It is used during large feasts, festive/harvest gatherings, for entertainment of visiting friends and relatives, and at parades. Surnames are taken as the first part of an person's inherited family name, caste, clan name or in some cases patronymic; Name distribution statistics are generated from a global database of over 4 billion people - more information Heatmap: Dark red means there is a higher occurrence of the name, transitioning to light yellow signifies a progressively lower occurrence. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 25(1994): 141173. (2020) History, development and influence of kulintang music to the cultural heritage (adat-betad) of Maguindanaon. [5] The earliest historical accounts of instruments resembling those of the present day kulintang are in the writings of various European explorers from the 16th century who would have seen such instruments used in passing. As part of the larger gong-chime culture of Southeast Asia, kulintang music ensembles have been playing for many centuries in regions of the Eastern Indonesia, Southern Philippines, Eastern Malaysia, Brunei and Timor,[15] Kulintang evolved from a simple native signaling tradition, and developed into its present form with the incorporation of knobbed gongs from Sundanese people in Java Island, Indonesia. [5], The tradition of kulintang music has been waning throughout the Eastern Malay Archipelago, and has become extinct in some places. [33] The Maranao have only three typical genres, Kapromayas (Romayas), Kapagonor (Onor), and Katitik Pandai (Kapaginandang). Yup, that's how diverse the country is. This is a story of a remarkable traditional Maguindanaon musician nicknamed Tokan who plays for village celebrations and who also makes kulintangan instruments which are currently in . In the Southern Philippines alone, where kulintang is mostly heard, has several Kulintang-playing ethnic tribes including Maguindanao, Maranao . Though this practice has died out among the Maranao because of Islam, some areas in Mindanao, Sabah and Malaku still practice this ancient tradition. The tongali, the nose flute of the Kalinga of Northern Luzon, has a small hole bored through its center that is placed against the nostril of the player.The paldong or Kalinga lip-valley flute has a valley . Guide to Babendil. [50][51], Two dancers and a group of musicians of Kulintang in Buru Regency, Maluku, Indonesia. It is considered taboo to step or cross over the antangan while the kulintang gongs are placed on it. Country of manufacturer as determined according to preset rules like value add rules, tariff shift or transformational process. Agung and Kulintang This is a gong-based musical ensemble commonly used in funerals and weddings in East Malaysia. Among ethnomusicologists, it is the most widely used system for classifying musical instruments. Asian Music XXVII.2 (1996): 1932. The kulintang gong itself is believed to be have been one of the foreign musical elements incorporated into kulintang music, derived from the Sundanese kolenang to which it bears striking similarities. [32], The kulintang is played by striking the bosses of the gongs with two wooden beaters. Nha Nhac was generally featured at the opening and closing of ceremonies associated with anniversaries, religious holidays, coronations, funerals and official receptions. Ethnomusicology Research Digest 4(1993): 55102. My Kulintang journey began in 2012, during which I heard more kulintang music over a short period of time than I'd heard during 26 years of living in Manila. Abdullah, Samsuddin N. PhD. [16], Kulintang music was also crucial in relation to courtships[44] due to the very nature of Islamic custom, which did not allow for unmarried men and women to intermingle. Kalanduyan, Danongan S. "Maguindanaon Kulintang Music: Instruments, Repertoire, Performance, Contexts, and Social Functions." [32], Improvisation was a vital aspect of the traditional role of kulintang music as entertainment for the entire community. [South San Francisco]13 OCT 2005, natl.ed. The tradition of kulintang music has been slowly dying as it is replaced with modern forms of entertainment. [South San Francisco] 13 OCT 2005, natl. Based on the etymology, two routes have been proposed as the route for the kulintang to Mindanao: One from Sunda, through Banjermasin, Brunei and the Sulu Archipelago, a route where the word kulintangan is commonly used for the horizontal row of gongs; The other from Sunda, thru, Timor, Sulawesi, Moluccas and Mindanao where the word kolintang/kulintang is commonly seen. [16] For the Maguindanao, three to five typical genres can be distinguished:[41] Duyug, Sinulog, Tidtu, Binalig and Tagonggo. [28], In Borneo, the kulintang was originally played during the harvest festival and the Bruneian court. [6] It is also prohibited during the mourning period of the death of important person, during funerals, and during the peak times of the planting and harvest season. [6], By the twentieth century, the term kulintang had also come to denote an entire Maguindanao ensemble of five to six instruments. [4], It was these similarities that lead theorists to conclude that the kulintang was originally imported to the Philippines during the migration of the kolenang through the Malay Archipelago. [12] It's likely the earliest gongs used among the indigenous populace had no recreational value but were simply used for making signals and sending messages.[9]. [20] Generally genres under this classification have faster tempos with an emphasis on power and speed, are highly rhythmic and pulsating, and are highly improvised with musicians employing different rhythmic/melodic formulae not used with old patterns. 1. Iligan City: MSU Iligan Institute of Technology, 1984. The Maguindanaon Kulintang: Musical Innovation, Transformation and the Concept of Binalig. ", Inge Skog, "North Borneo Gongs and the Javanese Gamelan. Kulintang (Indonesian: kolintang, Malay: kulintangan) is a modern term for an ancient instrumental form of music composed on a row of small, horizontally laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums.As part of the larger gong-chime culture of Southeast Asia, kulintang music ensembles have been playing for many centuries in regions of the Eastern . At a time when I was rooting around for Chinese music videos, I was sent a charming animation from a band called Shanren. Philippine Muslim Kulintang: Music of Modernization. Cleveland: The Arthur K. Clark Co, 1903. Sachs, Curt. [31], The kulintang players ability to improvise within the parameters of a rhythmic mode is essential. Find top songs and albums by Kulintang including Badjao or Yakan Gong. Informal performances are quite the opposite. Kulintang. Asian Music XXVII.2 (1996): 318. [34] The first phase is the creation of wax molds of the gongs. In the Philippines, it represents the highest form of gong . 105122. During formal performances adherents follow a traditional set of rules that would govern playing and it usually involved people from outside the home. [5], Sulu-type compositions on the kulintangan are found among the Tausug, Samal, Yakan, Sama/Badjao, and Kadazan-Dusan. However, kulintang music differs in many aspects from gamelan music. . [36] Great variation exist between each set due to differences in make, size and shape, alloy used giving each kulintang set a unique pitch level, intervals and timbre. It is played informally in the home for the enjoyment of family members. Ann Harbor, MI: University of Michigan, 2005. First, standardized titles weren't considered a priority. However, kulintang music differs in many aspects from gamelan music, primarily in the way the latter constructs melodies within a framework of skeletal tones and prescribed time interval of entry for each instruments. Kulintang and Gamelan are both ancient instrumental forms of music composed of a row of small, horizontally-laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums. The origin of gongs is probably China's Western Regions in the sixth century. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article [10], Kulintang instrument has uses other than public performances. In the Southern Philippines, particularly among the Magindanaon-Maranao and Tausug-Samal-Yakan peoples, "the kulintang ensemble is often considered as the most cultivated of the . The Legacy Bernard A young Bernard (L) with Kulintang master artist Danongan "Danny" Kalanduyan. Historia de las Isles de Mindanao in the Philippine Islands. This piece also accompanies the contests of gandingan playing. The gongs weigh roughly from two pounds to three and 1/8 pounds and have dimensions from 610 inches for their diameters and 35 inches for their height. [47] This also explains why set performance pieces for musical productions are different in some respectyoung men/women would be practicing before an event, therefore rarely relying on improvisations. [17] It was only when she was allowed to play during kulintang performances that suitors were allowed to view her. It is considered one of the regions three major gong ensembles, alongside the gamelan of western Indonesia and piphat of Thailand, Burma, Cambodia and Laos, which use gongs and not wind or string instruments to carry the melodic part of the ensemble. ", Usopay Hamdag Cadar, "Maranao Kolintang Music and Its Journey in America. This type of ensemble is similar to the kulintang . Even the word kulintang is believed to be an altered form of the Sundanese word kolenang.[16] These similarities led theorists to conclude that the kulintang was originally imported to the Philippines during the migration of the kolenang through the Malay Archipelago. [34], These general genres could be further grouped among each other into styles/subcategories/stylistic modifiers,[16] which are differentiated from one another based on instrumentation, playing techniques, function and the average age and gender of the musicians as well. The Tausug have three identifiable compositionskuriri, sinug, and lubak-lubak; the Yakan have twotini-id and kuriri; and the Dusan have threeayas, kudidi and tidung. (Spring-Summer 1985), pp. A kulintang may be composed of eight gongs disposed in a row over a . ", Posner, Karen L. "A Preliminary Analysis of Style in Maguindanoan Kulintang Music. [26] These differences could sometimes make discussing this repertoire and the modes and styles within it a bit confounding. Kulintang-like instruments are played by the Maguindanaon; the Maranao, Iranun, Kalagan, Kalibugan, Tboli, Blaan, Subanon, and other Lumad tribes of Mindanao, the Tausug, Sama-Bajau, Yakan and the Sangir/Sangil of the Sulu archipelago; the Ambon, Banda, Seram, Ternate, Tidore, and Kei of Maluku; and the Bajau, Suluk, Murut,[23] Kadazan-Dusun, Kadayah and Paitanic Peoples of Sabah, the Malays of Brunei, the Bidayuh and Iban/Sea Dayak of Sarawak, the Bolaang Mongondow and Kailinese/Toli-Toli of Sulawesi and other groups in Banjarmasin and Tanjung[24] in Kalimantan and Timor. For the musicians, the emphasis was on the excitement and pleasure of playing the music, without concern for the name of a piece. The kulintang repertoire has no fixed labels because the music itself is not considered a fixed entity. Forces of assimilation have constantly worked to overcome cultural differences between the various ethnic groups that are scatteredsometimes in relative isolationthroughout the archipelago. Now with the number of Antidumping and Countervailing duties dramatically increasing, the imposition of Section 232 and 301 duties on products of certain countries, and new or changed free trade agreements, the definition of country of origin has taken on . It is played by striking the bosses of the gongs with two wooden beaters. ". [29] Apad is falling into disuse since it is no longer needed for communication. Usopay Cadar (2001) traces such popularity of kulintang music to a confluence between two sets of aspects: (1) attributes of music (secular instrumental music played in small size ensemble); and (2) nature and changing social climate of the host country (lure of ancient tradition, public funding of arts, increasing ethnic awareness). "An Introduction to the Major Instruments and Forms of Traditional Malay Music." Tremillio, Ricardo (1972). ", Matusky, Patricia. Due to the fact it is orally transmitted, the repertoire itself is considered something always in a state of flux due to two primary reasons. [17] They were impressed by the fact that those who were not of Maguindanao or Maranao background, and some who were not even Filipino, were enthusiastic in picking up an alien tradition from a foreign land. This article focuses on the Philippine Kulintang traditions of the Maranao and Maguindanao peoples. What does kulintang mean? [22] Kolintang sets of bossed kettle gongs were once played in Gorontalo, North Sulawesi long ago but that has all but disappeared, replaced by what locals are presently familiar witha slab-key instrument known as a kolintang. With Ismael Ahmad, Makapeges Baginda, Alibay Bano, Makpeni Bano. Technically, kulintang is the Ternate, Mollucas, Maguindanaon, Lumad and Timor term for the idiophone of metal gong kettles which are laid horizontally upon a rack to create an entire kulintang set. Gaerlan, Barbara. Cadar, Usopay Hamdag (1971). Due to its use across a wide variety of groups and languages, the kulintang is also called kolintang by the Maranao and those in Sulawesi, kulintangan by those in Sabah and the Sulu Archipelago and totobuang by those in central Maluku. together with the kulintang and other gongs. It is considered one of the region's three major gong ensembles, alongside the gamelan of western Indonesia and piphat of Thailand, Burma, Cambodia and Laos, which use gongs and not wind or string instruments to carry the melodic part of the ensemble. Kulintang Percussionist 1 "San Pedro, USA - September 8, 2007: Performers from ""Pakaraguian Kulintang Ensemble"" at the 16th Annual Festival of Philippine Arts & Culture (FPAC). The Music of Maguindanao in the Philippines. [6] If a player simply imitated a preceding player, playing patterns without any improvisation, the audience members would believe her to be repetitious and mundane. It is a single musical instrument composed of 7-8 gongs laid horizontally on a stand. 1991. a. European accounts of the . Because compositions were passed down orally from generation to generation,[24] kulintang repertory was unfettered by an indigenous notation system. [15] A rhythmic mode (or designation or genre or pattern) is defined as a musical unit that binds together the entire five instrument ensemble. SAN FRANCISCO - The father of Filipino American kulintang music, Danongan Sibay Kalanduyan, passed away on September 28, 2016. . [10] Called apad, these renditions mimic the normal speaking tones of the Maguindanao language, creating a specific message or, through the use of double entendre, a social commentary understood by nearly any adult native Maguindanao speaker. No. [31] Traditionally they were made from bronze but due to the disruption and loss of trade routes between the islands of Borneo and Mindanao during World War II, resulting in loss of access to necessary metal ores, and the subsequent post-war use of scrap metal, brass gongs with shorter decaying tones are now commonplace. Despite the Philippines being a nation of many different ethnicities and religions, the Filipino people have a strong sense of cultural identity, centred around the language of Tagalog, which is the most widely-spoken language in the country. Otherwise, the contests traditionally pit groups of performers from one town against those from another. Vives, E.D.. The Sama are spread in many parts of Mindanao. [5] Its importance stems from its association with the indigenous cultures that inhabited these islands prior to the influences of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity or the West, making Kulintang the most developed tradition of Southeast Asian archaic gong-chime ensembles. Kulintang is a modern term for an instrumental form of music composed on a row of small, horizontally-laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums. [6] During informal performances, amateurs have an opportunity to practice on the instruments, and young boys and girls substitute other instruments, such as saronay (metallophone) and inubab, for kulintang. Unique to the Maguindanao is the use of kulintang music for courtship and in contests between individual musicians or village ensembles. It is a small, four-stringed guitar-like instrument that is made from a coconut husk. Otto, Steven W.. "Repertorial Nomenclature in Muranao Kolintang Music." Because kulintang-like ensembles extended over various groups with various languages, the term used for the horizontal set of gongs varied widely. How to use kulintang in a sentence. "Some Principles of Formal Variation in the Kolintang Music of the Maranao. Asian Music Vol. Like the other two, kulintang music is primarily orchestral with several rhythmic parts orderly stacked one upon another. vomiting and diarrhea at the same time in adults; hotel fixtures crossword. The tradition of kulintang ensemble music itself is a regional one, predating the establishing of borders between the Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia. Country of last process or activity thereby creating the finished good. Subanen The original people of Zamboanga were the Subanen of Indonesian origin who came at about 2,000 to . Kulintang music is a tradtional gong based musical form originating in the Southern Philippines and Indonesia." kulintang stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images [32] For the first time in history, kulintang music is now formally taught to music students at several universities located throughout Metro Manila. Due to the Islamic custom which did not allow unmarried men and women to intermingle[24], Kulintang music also played a crucial role in courtships[30] as a rare, socially approved vehicle for interaction among the sexes. [16], Sulu-type compositions on the kulintangan are found among the Tausug, Samal, Yakan, Sama/Badjao, Iranun and Kadazan-Dusun. Answer: As part of the larger gong-chime culture of Southeast Asia, kulintang music ensembles have been playing for many centuries in regions of the Eastern Indonesia, Southern Philippines, Eastern Malaysia, Brunei and Timor, Kulintang evolved from a simple native signaling tradition, and developed into its present form with . [5] Finally, the finished product is fine-tuned using a process called tongkol, hammering the boss from the inside to slightly raise the gongs pitch, or hammering the boss from the outside to lower the pitch. The suling is an end-blown edge aerophone of the Javanese people of Indonesia. An Agung is a percussion instrument used by the ethnic groups in the Philippines. Kota Kinabalu: Sabah State Muzium, 1992. [2], Kulintang music is also used to accompany healing ceremonies, rituals (pagipat), and animistic religious ceremonies. "Some Principles of Formal Variation in the Kolintang Music of the Maranao." [22] Though the tuning varies greatly, there does exist some uniformity of contour when same melody is heard on different kulintang sets. The kulintang frame is known as an "antangan" by the Maguindanao (which means to arrange) and "langkonga" by the Maranao. Curt Sachs (1881-1959) was a German musicologist known for his extensive study and . [19], The kulintang is traditionally considered a womens instrument by many groups: the Maguindanao, Maranao, Tausug and Sukul, Samal, Badjao and Sama, Illanum, Kadazan, Murut, Bidayuh and Iban. The meaning of KULINTANG is a gong chime of the Philippines; also : a musical ensemble made up of kulintangs. [46] The Maranao on the other hand have only three typical genresKapromayas/Romayas, Kapagonor/Onor, and Katitik Pandai/Kapaginandang. ", Cadar, Usopay H., and Robert Garfias. Guide to Agung. In sociology, culture is defined as "what is common to a group of individuals and as what ties them together". Cagayan de Oro: Xavier University, 1995. Kulintang is a Philippine musical instrument that looks like the gong/drums mixed. [34] Standard performance pieces for musical productions differ because young players practice before an event, and rarely rely on improvisations. At informal performances, the strict rules that normally govern play are often ignored and the performers are usually people well-acquainted with one another, such as close family members. "Reviewed Work: Sama de Sitangkai by Alan Martenot and Jose Maceda." Formal performances follow a traditional set of rules that govern playing, and usually involve people from outside the home. Kulintang evolved from a simple native signaling tradition, and developed into its present form with the incorporation of knobbed gongs from Sundanese people in Java Island, Indonesia. ", Usopay H. Cadar, "The Role of Kolintang Music in Maranao Society. 2019Adsone Matthew Mitty Gabu Gabu10.35631/ijham.25007International Journal of Heritage, Art and Multimedia. [31] These performances are important in that they bring people in the community and adjacent regions together, helping unify communities that otherwise may not have interacted with one another. It is the only aerophone found in the Javanese gamelan (see Gamelan besi ), but is also played solo throughout Java for personal entertainment. Download Kulintang stock photos. Due to its use across a wide variety groups and languages, the kulintang is also called kolintang by the people of Sulawesi and the Maranao, totobuang by those in central Maluku, kulintangan and gulintangan by those in Brunei, Sabah, North Kalimantan and the Sulu Archipelago. [31]Tagunggo cannot be easily classified under one of these styles, being more ritualistic than recreational in nature. Often times, these dances would denote love and courtship. ", Cadar, Usopay Hamdag. [26] For example, among the Maguindanao, the word binalig is used by contemporary musicians as a name for one of the rhythmic modes associated with kangungudan, but it has also been used as a term designating a new style. Goddio, Franck. Netherlands: The Hague, 1949. This is clearly seen in the Tausugs sinug and Yakans tini-id and kuriri compositions, where this sort of jousting becomes a game of skill and virtuoso playing.[3]. [15], There is a consensus that kulintang music developed from a foreign musical tradition which was borrowed and adapted to the indigenous music tradition already present in the area. 121 relations. [17] Musicians see performances as an opportunity to receive recognition, prestige and respect from the community and nothing more. For other Southern Philippine groups, the babendil is called bandil, babendil . in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. Kulintang repertory lacked an indigenous notation system. Evans, Ivor H.. One theory suggest that the bronze gong had an ancient history in Southeast Asia, arriving in the Malay archipelago two or even three thousand years ago, making its way to the Philippines from China in the third century C.E. Cultural life Cultural milieu. ", R. Anderson Sutton, "Reviewed Work: Sama de Sitangkai by Alan Martenot and Jose Maceda. Philippine flutes made of bamboo have different blowing end. Kulintang an ancient instrumental form of music composed on a row of small, horizontally-laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums. [25][26][27], Because of limited data concerning gong music prior to European exploration, theories abound as to when the prototypes of what is now the kulintang came to be. In the Philippines, it represents the highest form of gong music attained by Filipinos[5] and in North Maluku, it is said to have existed for centuries. [36] They are responsible for bringing kulintang music to the shores of the United States during the late twentieth century in an attempt to help connect contemporary Filipino American culture with ancient tribal traditions through music. The makeup of kulintang ensembles throughout the region varies between the various cultural groups. Based on the etymology, two routes have been proposed as the route by which the kulintang arrived in Mindanao. [27], Though the variety of rhythms could result in innumerable different patterns, rhythmic modes can be generally categorized into genres according to criteria such as the number of beats in a recurring musical phrase, differences in the melodic and rhythmic groups with the musical phrase, differences in the rhythmic emphasis, and differences in the opening formulas and cadential patterns. For instance, the Tausug have three identifiable compositionsKuriri, Sinug, and Lubak-Lubakthe Yakan have twoTini-id and Kuririand the Dusun have threeAyas, Kudidi and Tidung. The main instrument, the kulintang, is a row of from five to 11 brass and bronze gongs graduated in pitch. [18] Kulintang music also plays a significant role at state functions; it is used during official celebrations, the entertainment of foreign dignitaries, court ceremonies of either the sultanate or village chieftains, enthronements and coronations of new leaders, and the transferal of a sultanate from one family to another. 2. [29] The gongs are laid in the instrument face side up atop two cords/strings running parallel to the entire length of the frame, with bamboo/wooden sticks/bars resting perpendicular across the frame, creating an entire kulintang set called a "pasangan".[30]. [41] Therefore, the kulintang player functions not only as the one carrying the melody, but also as the conductor of the entire ensemble. [7] Traditionally the Maguindanao term for the entire ensemble is basalen or palabunibuyan, the latter term meaning an ensemble of loud instruments or music-making or in this case music-making using a kulintang.[8], Kulintang belongs to the larger unit/stratum of knobbed gong-chime culture prevalent in Southeast Asia. [19] This common contour results in similar interval relationships of more or less equidistant steps between each of the gongs. Kulintang. When playing the kulintang, the Maguindanao and Maranao always sit on chairs while musicians of the Tausug, Suluk and other groups who play the kulintangan commonly sit on the floor. The kulintang gong itself is believed to have been one of those foreign musical elements incorporated into kulintang music, derived from the Sundanese kolenang due to its striking similarities. Many people prefer to buy products whose country of origin is China. [6] It was only when they were allowed to play during kulintang performances that suitors were able to view them. It also refers to a guitar-plucking style which was dubbed as the most melodic and beautiful sounding guitar styles amongst the . Schramm, Adelaida Reyes. [27], Kulintang music has no set compositions due to its concept of rhythmic modes. Free or royalty-free photos and images. [4], The instrument called the kulintang (or its other derivative terms) consists of a row/set of 5 to 9 graduated pot gongs, laid horizontally upon a frame and arranged in order of pitch, with the lowest gong on the players left. [17] These performances usually were times when amateurs practiced on the instruments, young boys and girls gathered the instruments, substituting the kulintang with the saronay and inubab. [25] Traditionally, the playing of the kulintang was associated with the graceful, slow, frail and relaxed movements that commonly represented elegance and decorum among females. Due to its use across a wide variety groups and languages, the kulintang is also called kolintang by theMaranao and those in Sulawesi . The Philippine kulintang traditions of the Maranao and Maguindanao peoples the Concept of.. Innovation, Transformation and the Concept of Binalig Alan Martenot and Jose Maceda. that would govern and! Worked to overcome cultural differences between the Philippines ; also: a ensemble... Diarrhea at the same time in adults ; hotel fixtures crossword otto, Steven W.. `` Repertorial Nomenclature Muranao... 22 ] Genres classified under this style have moderate tempos, are rhythmically-oriented balanced!, natl aerophone of the Maranao. Posner, Karen L. `` Preliminary. Style in Maguindanoan kulintang music, Danongan Sibay Kalanduyan, Danongan Sibay Kalanduyan Danongan. 2 ], Improvisation was a German musicologist known for his extensive study and, Performance,,. Than recreational in nature styles, being more ritualistic than recreational in.. 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